The innovative and flourishing Sumerian civilization, nestled between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, greatly influenced the foundations of modern society approximately 5,000 years ago. Recognized as the birthplace of writing, urban centers, science, and legal systems, Sumer's ingenuity originated from its pioneering inhabitants. Its pre-eminent city-state, Uruk, which housed up to 40,000 residents, showcased remarkable architectural achievements, including the renowned ziggurat dedicated to Anu, predating even Egypt's Great Pyramid. The necessity for record-keeping, propelled by its agricultural triumphs, led to the invention of writing around 3500 B.C. Merchants utilized clay tablets, inscribed with symbols, which evolved into the sophisticated Sumerian script by 3200 B.C. This reed-impressed writing system, termed cuneiform due to its wedge-shaped appearance, became an essential communication tool, spreading throughout Mesopotamia via trade and conquests. Despite being a do...
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